Introduction to PHP — What is PHP? — History of PHP — Server-side vs client-side — Installing XAMPP / WAMP / LAMP — First PHP script (hello.php) Basic Syntax — PHP tags () — Echo vs print — Comments — Case sensitivity Variables and Data Types — Declaring variables — Data types — Type juggling and casting — Constants Operators — Arithmetic — Assignment — Comparison — Logical — Increment/Decrement — Ternary operator Control Structures — if, else, elseif — switch — while, do-while — for and foreach — break and continue Functions — Declaring and calling functions — Parameters and default values — Return values — Variable scope — Built-in functions Arrays — Indexed arrays — Associative arrays — Multidimensional arrays — Array functions Strings and String Functions — String interpolation — Heredoc and Nowdoc — Common string functions Forms and User Input — GET vs POST — Validating form input — Sanitizing input — $_GET, $_POST, $_REQUEST, $_SERVER File Handling — Opening and reading files — Writing to files — File upload handling — File permissions and errors Cookies and Sessions — Setting and getting cookies — Starting sessions — Storing user data — Session vs cookie differences Error and Exception Handling — Error types — try-catch blocks — Custom exception classes — Error reporting Working with Dates and Time — date() and time() functions — Timezones — strtotime() and DateTime PHP and HTML Integration — Embedding PHP in HTML — Separating logic and presentation — Using includes Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) — Classes and objects — Constructors and destructors — Inheritance and polymorphism — Interfaces and traits — Magic methods Namespaces and Autoloading — Why use namespaces? — Declaring and using namespaces — PSR-4 autoloading — Composer autoloading Working with MySQL (MySQLi / PDO) — Connecting to database — CRUD operations — Prepared statements — Fetching data — PDO vs MySQLi Security in PHP — SQL Injection prevention — Cross-site scripting (XSS) — Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) — Password hashing File Upload and Image Handling — Handling file uploads — Validating files — Storing and renaming files — Image resizing Sessions and Authentication — Login system — Session security — Access control — Logout functionality Composer and Dependency Management — What is Composer? — Installing Composer — Using packages — Autoloading REST APIs in PHP — Creating APIs — JSON encoding/decoding — API authentication MVC Pattern — Understanding MVC — Building a mini MVC framework — Routing and controllers — Views and templating PHP Frameworks Overview — Laravel — CodeIgniter — Symfony — When and why to use Project Ideas — Simple blog system — Contact form with email — To-Do list with MySQL — User registration and login — File manager/gallery app — REST API with token login